文瑞托福

托福语法讲解

发表时间：2026/3/17 15:39:43
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视频分为两讲，对听说读写都有帮助。本机构老师讲解内容，版权属于本方。视频下方是整理的语法知识点笔记。笔记总结比较简单，视频讲的比较深。


【第1讲】：

一、词性：一词多性、一词多音

1. 同一个单词，词性不唯一

  • 词性会随位置、重音、功能变化
  • 只记一个词性，长难句一定读不通

2. 名前动后（重音规律）

名词：重音在前；动词：重音在后
  • present
    • 名词 /ˈpreznt/：礼物、现在
    • 动词 /prɪˈzent/：呈现、提交、造成
  • contract
    • 名词 /ˈkɒntrækt/：合同
    • 动词 /kənˈtrækt/：收缩、签约

3. 高频多词性单词（托福必考）

  1. present
    • n. 礼物；现在
    • adj. 出席的；当前的Everyone is present. 所有人都到了。
    • v. 呈现；造成This presents a problem. 这造成了一个问题。
  2. contract
    • n. 合同
    • v. 收缩Metal contracts as it cools. 金属冷却时会收缩。
  3. echo
    • n. 回声
    • v. 模仿；重复He echoed her opinion. 他附和了她的观点。
  4. chance
    • n. 机会
    • adj. 偶然的a chance meeting 一次偶遇
  5. minute
    • n. /ˈmɪnɪt/ 分钟
    • adj. /maɪˈnjuːt/ 微小的minute details 细微的细节
  6. condition
    • n. 条件
    • v. 使习惯于People are conditioned to believe. 人们习惯性地认为。
  7. task
    • n. 任务
    • v. 派给… 任务She was tasked with organizing the event.
  8. burden
    • n. 负担
    • v. 使负重担He was burdened with debt.

二、代词：避免重复、指代一致

1. that /those 替代前面的名词

作用：避免重复，保持句子简洁
  • The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Guangzhou.that = the weather
  • The books on this shelf are newer than those on that shelf.those = the books

2. ones 替代复数名词

  • I like red apples better than green ones.ones = apples

3. 代词指代原则

代词 = 前面最近、同性质、同数量的名词

三、动词核心：及物 / 不及物、谓语 / 非谓语

1. 及物动词（vt）vs 不及物动词（vi）

  • 及物：直接加宾语love, finish, solve, encounter, survivesurvive the earthquake 在地震中幸存
  • 不及物：必须加介词才能加宾语look, listen, agree, happenlook at the pictureagree with you

2. 谓语动词 vs 非谓语动词

  • 谓语动词：有时态、人称变化，是句子 “动作核心”。一个句子/分句只能有一个谓语动词，别的动词都是非谓语动词。
  • 非谓语动词：不能单独作谓语，只能作主语 / 宾语 / 定语 / 状语
    • doing 现在分词
    • done 过去分词
    • to do 不定式

四、非谓语作定语 & 状语（托福长难句核心）

1. 定语：修饰名词

  • to do：将要做、用于… 的I have a lot of work to do.
  • doing：主动、正在进行the girl standing there 站在那里的女孩
  • done：被动、已完成the book written by Lu Xun 鲁迅写的书

2. 状语：修饰动词 / 整个句子

（1）现在分词 doing：主动、主谓一致

  • Hoping to reduce costs, the company cut jobs.主语 = company，主动 hope → 用 doing。这里的cut是谓语动词，hoping是非谓语动词

（2）过去分词 done：被动、主谓一致

  • Written in a hurry, the report contains many mistakes.主语 = report，被动被写 → 用 written

❌ 常见错误：主谓不一致

  • Absorbed in reading, time passed quickly.（错）主语是 time，time 不能被吸引
  • Absorbed in reading, I forgot the time.（对）

五、动词 + 宾语补足语（宾补）

结构：V + 宾语 + 宾补（补充说明宾语）可作宾补：形容词、名词、to do、doing、done
  1. make /find/consider + 宾语 + 形容词
    • You made me jealous.
    • I find it difficult.
  2. leave + 宾语 + 宾补（使… 处于某种状态）
    • Don’t leave the door unlocked.
    • Don’t leave your bag unattended.
  3. have /get + 宾语 + done（让某事被做）
    • I had my hair cut.
    • He got his car repaired.
  4. make /find/think + 长宾语 → 倒装make it possible to domake it unlikely that…
    We made possible the discovery of new species.= We made the discovery of new species possible.

六、介词：灵活、常倒装、多义

1. 高频介词含义

  1. over：优于、超过have an advantage over… 比… 有优势
  2. against：以… 为背景；对抗The tower stood against the sky.
  3. of：离开；从中；属性take 5% of the moneya man of courage = a courageous man
  4. off：离开；断开take a day off 休息一天keep off the grass 勿踏草坪

2. 介词短语倒装（为了避免头重脚轻）

  • He copied onto the board a complicated picture.正常：He copied a complicated picture onto the board.

七、连词：连接成分，避免双谓语

1. 一句话只能有一套谓语

两套谓语必须用：连词 / 句号 / 分号 隔开
  • ❌ He worked hard he succeeded.
  • ✅ He worked hard, and he succeeded.
  • ✅ He worked hard; he succeeded.

2. and /but 可连接：

  • 两个形容词
  • 两个动词
  • 两个定语从句
  • 两个分句
例：
  • a reasonable but crazy idea
  • I got up and went out.

八、There be 句型：完全倒装

正常：主语 + 动词 + there倒装：There + 动词 + 主语
  • There appeared a new technology.= A new technology appeared there.
主语太长时，必须倒装：There appeared a technology that cost too much.

九、比较结构：more /less than

  1. more than I can afford 超出我能负担的
  2. less A than B 与其说是 A，不如说是 B
    • The book is less a story than a history.这本书与其说是故事，不如说是历史。
  3. I can’t agree more. 我完全同意。

十、简单句五大句型（所有句子的基础）

  1. 主系表：S + V 系 + 表语You look tired.
  2. 主谓：S + ViHe smiled.
  3. 主谓宾：S + Vt + OI love English.
  4. 主谓双宾：S + V + O1 + O2He gave me a book.
  5. 主谓宾补：S + V + O + CYou make me happy.

十一、定语从句（连接长难句的骨架）

1. 能用 that /which/who 的条件

被修饰的名词，放进从句能构成完整句子
  • The book that I bought is interesting.因为可以说：I bought the book.，所以可以用that I bought来修饰The book

2. whose = …… 的

  • The girl whose father is a teacher is my friend因为可以说：The girl's father is a teacher. 所以可以用whose father is a teacher来修饰The girl

3. 宾格关系代词that可省

  • The book (that) I bought is good.

十二、同位语 & 插入语

1. 同位语：和前面名词指同一个东西

  • Trump, the former president,…
  • I like sports, especially basketball.

2. 插入语：不影响语法，可删掉

常见：however, therefore, in fact, if any, if ever, that is
  • He is, in fact, a good student.
  • Rarely, if ever, does he complain.

十三、冠词：a /an/the / 零冠词

  1. a / an 看发音，不看字母a university, an hour
  2. the + 形容词 = 一类人the rich, the poor, the old
  3. 零冠词：表抽象、泛指Knowledge is power.


【第2讲】：

一、句子成分：主干 + 修饰

1. 主语（能做主语的成分）

  • 名词、代词
  • 非谓语动词（动词原形不能直接做主语）
    • 动名词（doing）
    • 不定式（to do）
  • 主语从句（句子做主语）
  • 形式主语 it

2. 动名词做主语

  • Reading aloud is helpful for pronunciation.大声朗读对发音有帮助。
  • Learning a language takes time.学一门语言需要时间。
口诀：动词原形不能当主语，要当主语加 ing 或 to。

二、形式主语 it

结构：

It + be + 形容词 / 名词 + to do /doing/that 从句
作用：避免头重脚轻，把真正主语放后面。

1）it + be + adj + to do

  • It is important to keep calm.保持冷静很重要。（真正主语：to keep calm）

2）it + be + n + doing

  • It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。

3）it + be + 过去分词 + that 从句

  • It is widely believed that health comes first.人们普遍认为健康第一。
真正主语是后面 that 从句，it 只是形式主语。

三、主语从句

1. 定义

一个句子充当主语，叫主语从句。

2. 引导词

  • that（不省略，无词义）
  • what / who / where / when / why / how / whether

3. 必须加 that！

  • That he arrived late surprised everyone.他迟到这件事让所有人惊讶。
不加 that → 两个谓语，语法错误。

4. whether 与 if 的区别

  • 主语从句只能用 whether，不能用 if
    • Whether he will come is unknown.
  • 宾语从句两者都可用
    • I don’t know whether/if he will come.

四、宾语从句 & 表语从句

1. 宾语从句

  • 跟在动词 / 介词后
  • that 可省略
  • She said (that) she was tired.
  • I am interested in what you said.

2. 表语从句

  • 跟在 系动词（be /seem/become…） 后
  • that 可省略
  • The problem is (that) we have no time.
  • This is where I was born.

五、定语从句（本节课重点）

1. 判定方法

被修饰的名词，能放进从句里变成完整句子。

2. 关系代词

  • that：人 / 物
  • which：物
  • who / whom：人
  • whose：…… 的
  • where / when / why：地点 / 时间 / 原因

3. that /which 的区别

（1）限制性定语从句（无逗号）

  • I like the book that/which you bought yesterday.我喜欢你昨天买的那本书。

（2）非限制性定语从句（有逗号，补充说明）

  • I like this book, which is very interesting.我喜欢这本书，它很有趣。
非限定只能用 which，不能用 that。

4. that 可省略的情况

先行词在从句中作宾语时，that/which/who 可省。
  • The movie (that) we watched was fun.
作主语 不能省：The movie that won an award was fun.

5. 介词 + which

  • This is the house in which I live.= This is the house where I live.
  • The day on which we met is special.= The day when we met is special.

6. whose

  • I know the girl whose brother is a doctor.我认识那个哥哥是医生的女孩。

7. as 引导定语从句（很重要）

  • As we all know, the earth is round.众所周知，地球是圆的。
as 可放句首，which 不行。

六、状语从句

1. 时间

  • I will call you when I arrive.

2. 地点

  • Stay where you are.

3. 原因

  • He didn’t come because he was ill.

4. 条件

  • You will succeed if you work hard.

5. 方式 / 好像

  • He talks as if he knew everything.

6. 目的

  • I got up early so that I could catch the bus.

七、时态：重点难点

1. 过去将来时

主句过去时 → 从句时态倒退一步
  • I thought I would finish it soon.我当时以为我很快会做完。

2. 现在完成时 vs 过去完成时

  • have done：对现在有影响 / 状态未结束
    • I have lived here for 10 years.（现在还住）
  • had done：过去的过去 / 状态已结束
    • I had lived there for 5 years.（现在不住了）

八、虚拟语气（假条件、假结果）

1. 与过去事实相反

  • If I had studied harder, I would have passed.如果我当时更努力，我本会通过。（事实：没努力，没过）

2. 与现在事实相反

  • If I were you, I would refuse.如果我是你，我会拒绝。（事实：我不是你）
be 动词一律用 were。

3. 虚拟倒装（if 去掉，had/should/were 提前）

  • Had I known, I would have helped.= If I had known…

九、倒装句

1. only + 状语 → 部分倒装

  • Only then did I realize the truth.

2. 否定词开头 → 倒装

  • Never have I seen such a beautiful place.

3. so…that → 可完全倒装

  • So fast did he run that no one caught him.

十、省略（英语追求简洁）

1. 并列结构省略相同部分

  • He likes swimming and I (like) running.

2. 状语从句省略主语 + be

  • When (you are) in trouble, ask for help.

十一、强调句

结构：

It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + …
  • It was yesterday that I met him.我是昨天遇见他的。
判断方法：去掉 It is/was…that，句子依然完整。

十二、whatever /whoever/wherever 等

  • Whatever he says is true.他说的任何话都是真的。
  • Whoever comes is welcome.任何人来都欢迎。
= no matter what / no matter who

十三、until /not…until

  • I waited until 10 o’clock.我一直等到 10 点。（10 点后不等）
  • I didn’t leave until he came back.直到他回来我才离开。


【10个长难句练习】

句子 1

原句：The leading role played by the railways is an example of what economic historians call backward linkage—the stimulus a new industry gives to the producers of raw materials and machinery used by the new industry.
结构拆解：
  • 主干：The leading role is an example
  • 修饰：played by the railways（过去分词作后置定语，修饰 role）
  • 宾语从句：of what economic historians call backward linkage（what 引导宾语从句，作 of 的宾语）
  • 同位语：the stimulus... 解释 backward linkage；其中a new industry gives to the producers... 是省略 that 的定语从句，修饰 stimulus；used by the new industry 修饰 raw materials and machinery
    翻译：铁路所扮演的主导角色，是经济史学家所称 “后向关联” 的一个典型例子 —— 即一个新兴行业会为其所需原材料与机械设备的生产商提供刺激。

句子 2

原句：The correctness of this theory has been strengthened by the discovery of flat-topped mountains or guyots that, at present, have their tops many hundreds or thousands of meters below the ocean surface, but have on their surface the remains of shallow water corals.
结构拆解：
  • 主干：The correctness has been strengthened
  • 定语从句：that...have their tops...but have...remains 修饰 flat-topped mountains or guyots
  • 插入语：at present
    翻译：这一理论的正确性，因平顶海山（guyots）的发现而得到进一步佐证 —— 这类山的山顶如今位于海面下数百至数千米，但其表面却留存着浅海珊瑚的遗迹。

句子 3

原句：Indeed, the reasons that barrier and fringing reef types occur around continental margins and high non-volcanic islands are simply that these areas offer suitable environmental conditions for the growth of reefs and a suitable substrate (surface) on which to begin growth.
结构拆解：
  • 主干：the reasons are simply that...
  • 定语从句：that barrier and fringing reef types occur... 修饰 reasons
  • 表语从句：that these areas offer...conditions and...substrate
  • 不定式结构：on which to begin growth 修饰 substrate（=on which reefs can begin growth）
    翻译：事实上，堡礁和裙礁之所以形成于大陆边缘及非火山高岛周边，原因很简单：这些区域为珊瑚礁生长提供了适宜环境，也为其初始生长提供了合适基底（表面）。

句子 4

原句：Finally, the gap between family and work meant that workers, already subjected to laboring in larger settings than they were accustomed to, had to deal with strangers.
结构拆解：
  • 主干：the gap meant that workers had to deal with strangers
  • 插入语：already subjected to laboring...（过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 workers）
  • 比较状语从句：than they were accustomed to
    翻译：最终，家庭与工作之间的隔阂意味着：那些早已习惯在更大环境中劳作的工人们，不得不开始与陌生人打交道。

句子 5

原句：According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.
结构拆解：
  • 主干：yawning takes place...and serves the function
  • 时间状语从句：when people are bored or sleepy
  • 方式状语：by reversing...the drop；through deeper breathing 插入语
  • 定语从句 1：that are caused by the shallow breathing 修饰 drop
  • 定语从句 2：that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom 修饰 shallow breathing
    翻译：根据传统理论，人们在无聊或困倦时会打哈欠，其作用是通过深呼吸逆转因睡眠不足或无聊而产生浅呼吸所导致的血氧水平下降，从而提高警觉性。

句子 6

原句：Cleisthenes' principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures, especially among the aristocrats, and to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes, which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens.
结构拆解：
  • 主干：contribution was to complete...and to set...
  • 插入语：especially among the aristocrats
  • 定语从句：which became the point of entry... 修饰 demes
    翻译：克利斯提尼对雅典民主创建的核心贡献，是完成了削弱家族与氏族结构（尤其是贵族阶层）的漫长进程，并以基于地域的 “德莫”（demes）自治团体取而代之，这些团体成为了雅典所有公民生活及大部分宗教生活的入口。

句子 7

原句：However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today.
结构拆解：
  • 并列句 1：no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely
  • 并列句 2：when...the age of dinosaurs came to an end, mammals began to flourish
  • 现在分词作伴随状语：evolving from...into...
  • 定语从句：that we know today 修饰 species
    翻译：然而，没有任何种群或物种能永久维持其主导地位。在约 2 亿年之后，恐龙时代于 6500 万年前骤然终结，哺乳动物开始蓬勃发展，从为数不多的小型陆生动物演化成了如今我们所知的、包括蝙蝠与鲸鱼在内的万千物种。

句子 8

原句：The strength of the Athenian aristocracy was further weakened during the rest of the century by the rise of a type of government known as a tyranny, which is a form of interim rule by a popular strongman (not rule by a ruthless dictator as the modern use of the term suggests to us).
结构拆解：
  • 主干：The strength was further weakened
  • 定语从句：which is a form of interim rule... 修饰 tyranny
  • 插入语：括号内解释 tyranny 的现代含义与古代含义的区别
    翻译：雅典贵族的权力在该世纪剩余时间里，因 “僭主政治”（tyranny）的兴起而进一步被削弱 —— 这种政体是由受民众拥护的强人实施的临时统治，而非现代语境所暗示的 “冷酷独裁者统治”。

句子 9

原句：The answer lies apparently not in the increased energy costs of exaggerated begging——such energy costs are small relative to the potential gain in calories——but rather in the damage that any successful cheater would do to its siblings, which share genes with one another.
结构拆解：
  • 主干：The answer lies not in...but rather in...
  • 插入语：such energy costs are small... 解释 energy costs
  • 定语从句 1：that any successful cheater would do... 修饰 damage
  • 定语从句 2：which share genes... 修饰 siblings
    翻译：答案显然不在于过度乞讨所增加的能量消耗 —— 这类消耗与潜在的热量收益相比微不足道 —— 而在于任何成功的欺骗者都会对其兄弟姐妹造成的伤害，因为兄弟姐妹之间共享部分基因。

句子 10

原句：Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity——sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example——are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms.
结构拆解：
  • 并列句 1：the constantly changing levels...are well coordinated with environmental rhythms
  • 插入语：列举 activity 的具体类型
  • 并列句 2：the key question is whether...or is...
  • 表语从句：whether the animal's schedule is driven by...or is dependent on...
  • 定语从句：that themselves generate... 修饰 internal timers
    翻译：通常，动物活动水平的持续变化 —— 比如睡眠、进食、移动、繁殖、代谢及酶与激素的分泌 —— 都与环境节律高度协调，但核心问题在于：动物的作息究竟是由日出日落等外部信号驱动，还是在某种程度上依赖于自身能产生可观测生物节律的内部计时器。





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